Almost everyone experiences itchiness now and then but it's more likely to be a persistent problem in people who suffer from atopy or a high risk of allergic disease.
There are many causes, from insect bites and parasitic infestations such as scabies, to skin conditions such as eczema, or generalised conditions such as jaundice or leukaemia. Environmental conditions and contact with chemical irritants can also cause itching.
In most cases, something (for example, insect venom) triggers the release of chemicals including histamine from cells within the skin. These chemicals stimulate specific nerve fibres that carry the sensation of itch.
The itch may then intensify and can be accompanied by red, swollen and sometimes broken and oozing skin.
Itch may be widespread or very localised and the affected area is often a clue to the cause. For example, a widespread itch may be a reaction to chemicals in a particular washing powder, while an itch around the anus is commonly caused by threadworms.
The cause of the itch needs to be identified in order to remove or treat the stimulus. Children should be encouraged not to scratch and told this will make the itch worse. You may need to put cotton mittens on babies.
Bathe the itchy skin with tepid water and a simple non-irritant soap, and keep it well moisturised (as dry skin can aggravate itchiness). Children may find calamine lotion soothing.
Some cases may require medical help, especially if itching is persistent, and particularly if there is no obvious trigger to treat, or if the skin becomes broken and inflamed. Your GP may prescribe antihistamine tablets or syrup.
If the skin becomes infected, a course of antibiotics may be necessary.
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