Obesity
Obesity rates worldwide have doubled in the last three decades even as blood pressure and cholesterol levels have dropped, new research says.
People in Pacific Island nations like American Samoa are the heaviest, the study shows. Among developed countries, Americans are the fattest and the Japanese are the slimmest.
"Being obese is no longer just a Western problem," said Majid Ezzati, a professor of public health at Imperial College London, one of the study authors.
In 1980, about 5 percent of men and 8 percent of women worldwide were obese. By 2008, the rates were nearly 10 percent for men and 14 percent for women.
That means 205 million men and 297 million women weighed in as obese. Another 1.5 billion adults were overweight, according to the study published Friday in the medical journal, Lancet. Imperial College London and Harvard researchers studied body mass index (BMI), cholesterol and high blood pressure data from 1980 to 2008.
High blood pressure and cholesterol fell in many developed countries while obesity generally rose worldwide.
The research confirms earlier trends about mounting obesity and the three papers provide the most comprehensive, recent global look at body mass index, cholesterol and blood pressure. Body mass index is a measurement based on weight and height.
Among rich countries, the U.S. had the highest average body mass Index, at 28. Rates were the lowest in Japan, ranging between 22 for women and 24 for men. Women in Belgium, France, Finland, Italy and Switzerland also stayed trim, with virtually no change in their BMI.
People with a BMI of 18-24 are considered to have a healthy weight. Those with a BMI of 25 or above are overweight and people with a BMI of 30 or more are classified as obese.
Two other studies also published in the Lancet on Friday surveyed blood pressure rates and cholesterol levels. Western countries including Canada, South Korea and the U.S. had some of the lowest blood pressure rates thanks to medication, while rates are highest in Portugal, Finland and Norway.
Cholesterol levels were highest in countries like Iceland and Germany and lowest in Africa.
Measures such as reducing salt content in prepared foods or banning transfats have made an impact in lowering blood pressure and cholesterol rates but more needs to be done.
It is unlikely obesity rates had peaked and as a result other health complications would soon follow, this is seen in figures also just relaesed showing a woman's risk of developing breast cancer has risen to one in eight from one in nine, according to Cancer Research UK.
The charity's figures show that breast cancer rates in the UK have increased by 3.5% in 10 years, from 42,400 in 1999 to 47,700 in 2008.
Women aged between 50 and 69 have seen the biggest rise in breast cancer rates of 6%.
Exercising and eating healthily can reduce the risk, cancer charities say.
Cancer Research UK figures suggest that breast cancer is by far the most common cancer in women, accounting for almost a third of cases.
Bowel cancer is the second most common, followed by lung.
Almost half of breast cancer cases in 2008 (48%) were in women aged between 50 and 69.
A third were in women aged over 70, with 19% in women aged 25-49.
Previous research has shown that lifestyle factors and a family history of breast cancer increase a woman's risk of developing the disease.
Sara Hiom, director of health information at Cancer Research UK, said that small changes in everyday habits can help to reduce cancer risk.
"Cutting back on alcohol by keeping within government recommended limits of no more than 14 units a week (a small drink a day) helps.
"Taking more exercise and eating a diet high in fibre but low in saturated fat can help maintain a healthy weight - which in turn reduces breast cancer risk."
New figures from the World Cancer Research Fund suggest that making these simple changes in lifestyle could result in about 79,000 cases of all kinds of cancer being prevented in the UK each year.
The WCRF says breast cancer cases specifically could be reduced by 42%.
Obesity most likely increases the risk of cancer by raising levels of hormones such as oestrogen and insulin in the body. High levels of these hormones, produced by the fat tissues, are common features of many cancers.Excess body fat may also affect how the body processes fats and sugars and how the immune system functions.
Almost two out of every three women with breast cancer survive for more than 20 years and more than three-quarters of women with breast cancer survive for at least 10 years, says Cancer Research UK.
Sara Hiom, from Cancer Research UK, has urged women to get tested at the earliest possible stage.
"Mammograms will pick up breast cancers early on before they can be felt as a lump or spotted through other visible changes and we know that the earlier a cancer is detected the more successful treatment is likely to be, so women can benefit by taking up invitations to breast screening," she said.
Dr Rachel Greig, senior policy officer at Breakthrough Breast Cancer, said the figures were a wake-up call and should not be ignored.
"More women are developing breast cancer and, although survival is improving thanks to breakthroughs in breast awareness, screening and treatment, we clearly have much further to go.
"A two-pronged attack is needed - commitment to research into the causes of breast cancer, supported by women arming themselves with knowledge of the risks that may contribute to the disease."
Tagged in Breast Cancer